Vuam yog ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm kev tsim khoom. Nrog nws cov kev pab, kev sib txuas ntawm steel qhov chaw nyob rau hauv ib tug ntau yam ntawm designs yog ua. Ib yam li lwm cov txheej txheem tsim khoom, kev sib yuav qee zaum tshwm sim. Nws hais txog qhov tsis xws luag hauv qhov vuam, uas tuaj yeem txo qhov zoo ntawm cov khoom tiav, lossis tseem ua rau nws txoj haujlwm tsis zoo.
Kev faib tawm
Txoj kev, ua li cas lawv sib cais? Tag nrho cov vuam tsis xws luag tau muab faib ua peb pawg loj:
- Outdoor.
- Nyob.
- Tau.
Sab nraud weld defects feem ntau yog pawg ntau tshaj. Nws suav nrog: qhov loj me me, nrog rau kev hloov pauv ntawm txoj kab seam, ntau yam sags, "txiav", shrinkage shells thiab craters uas tsis tau raug kaw thaum lub sij hawm vuam txheej txheem, porosity los yog tawg. Tsis sib npaug seam dav kuj siv rau ntau yam no. Nws ntseeg tiasSab nraud weld defects raug cais raws li Kev txhawj xeeb tsawg.
Raws li, cov khoom sab hauv suav nrog: qhov pores, ntau qhov suav nrog slag, tsis tiav qhov chaw welded, nrog rau cov kab nrib pleb ntawm cov hlau welded. Raws li los ntawm qhov tsis xws luag, cov no yog fistulas dhau los ntawm tag nrho cov tuab ntawm qhov tawg, nrog rau kev hlawv.
Qhov laj thawj tseem ceeb ntawm kev vuam tsis xws luag
- Lawv yuav luag tshwm sim thaum lawv sim siv cov khoom pheej yig thiab qib qis.
- Ib yam tuaj yeem hais rau cov khoom siv vuam tsis zoo. Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov tsis xws luag feem ntau nce tom qab kho tsis zoo ntawm cov cuab yeej siv los ntawm cov kws tshaj lij.
- Tau kawg, qhov no tshwm sim txhua lub sijhawm thaum ua haujlwm thev naus laus zis.
- Kev tsis zoo weld tsis tshua muaj tshwm sim rau cov tsis muaj kev paub dhau los, cov kws tshaj lij tsis txawj ntse.
Nws yog qhov yooj yim to taub tias cov khoom lag luam zoo tshaj plaws tau txais thaum siv cov cuab yeej ua haujlwm siab. Tsis txhob hnov qab txog qhov yooj yim ntawm qhov chaw ua haujlwm. Yog li, qhov loj me ntawm cov seam thiab kev ua txhaum ntawm nws qhov dav yog qhov muaj ntau heev nyob rau hauv rooj plaub uas tus welder (txawm tias muaj kev paub dhau los) ua haujlwm hauv qhov tsis xis nyob.
Qhov tseeb, nws tsis yog los ntawm lub sijhawm uas yuav tsum muaj rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev ua haujlwm vuam muaj cov khoom uas tshwj xeeb tshaj tawm cov khoom siv puv ntoob ntawm qhov chaw ua haujlwm, muab rau nws cov ergonomics zoo.
ntawv tseem ceeb
Txawm tias cov neeg siv khoom siv tes ua haujlwm tsis ntev los no tau paub zoo tias txhawm rau ua kom lub zog siab tshaj plaws, cov seam yuav tsum muaj kev txhawb nqa me ntsis nrog qhov siab ntawm 1-2 hli. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, tib welders feem ntau ua yuam kev tag nrho thaum lawv ua kom muaj zog 3-4 hli siab. Nyob rau hauv txoj cai, nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv yooj yim, tsis muaj dab tsi tsis ncaj ncees lawm nrog qhov no, tab sis tsis yog thaum nws los txog rau cov khoom uas tas li nyob rau hauv lub xeev ntawm dynamic load. Tag nrho cov no ua rau muaj kev ntxhov siab ntau ntxiv thiab ua rau muaj kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev tawg.
Raws li peb tau hais lawm, qhov tsis xws ntawm cov vuam thiab cov pob qij txha yog qhov txaus ntshai heev. Nws tsis yog qhov nyuaj rau kev xav txog yuav ua li cas yog tias lawv muaj nyob rau hauv ib feem npaj rau kev teeb tsa, piv txwv li, hauv cov qauv kev txhawb nqa ntawm tus choj railway. Lawv yog cov tshwj xeeb tshaj yog txaus ntshai nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm vuam qhov chaw ua los ntawm hlau alloy, uas yuav tsum tau ua nyob rau hauv tej yam kev mob ntawm qhov kub thiab txias hloov.
Qhov txaus ntshai tshaj plaws yog kev txiav, vim tias lawv yog lub ntuj "accumulator" ntawm kev ntxhov siab uas yuav ua rau muaj zog hauv qhov tsis muaj zog ntawm cov seam. Tsis tas li ntawd, lawv txo qis nws txoj haujlwm ua haujlwm, uas tseem muaj qhov cuam tshuam tsis zoo rau lub zog ntawm tag nrho cov kev sib txuas.
Raws li txoj cai, cov kev tsis zoo sab nraud ntawm welds feem ntau tsis raug kho. Qhov no yog vim qhov tseeb tias cov hlau (feem ntau) tseem yuav muaj kev sib yuav tsis pom kev, uas tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam loj heev.
Yuav ua li cas txo qis?
Qhov laj thawj tseem ceeb yog teeb tsa tam sim no ntau dhau. ATnyob rau hauv ua ke nrog ib tug ntev arc, qhov no yuav ua rau ib tug yuav luag ib puas feem pua ntawm lawv tshwm sim. Tsis tas li ntawd, qee zaum, kev txiav tawm tshwm sim thaum lub tshav kub txav nrawm dhau ntawm cov hlau nto.
Yog tias tus qauv tsim nyob rau hauv ib txoj kev tseem ceeb, txawm tias qhov me me ntawm cov welds thiab cov pob qij txha ntawm hom no yog qhov tsis txaus ntseeg. Lawv raug kho los ntawm kev ua tib zoo welding nyias nyias. Yog tias ua tau, nws tseem zoo dua los hloov tag nrho ib feem (nco ntsoov tias cov lus hais kawg siv tau rau txhua qhov tsis xws luag).
Nplooj tsis noj hlau
Yog tias qhov chaw zoo li no nyob rau hauv qhov tuab ntawm cov seam, nws yog qhov txaus ntshai heev. Ua ntej, xws li qhov tsis xws luag tuaj yeem pom tsuas yog nrog kev pab los ntawm lub ntsuas qhov tsis haum. Qhov thib ob, lawv tau rov accumulating qhov chaw ntawm natural stresses nyob rau hauv cov hlau. Ua ke nrog kev ua txhaum ntawm cov qauv welded, tag nrho cov no ua rau muaj kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev ua tsis tiav ntxov ntawm qhov. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog feem ntau xws li qhov tsis xws luag ntawm welds tshwm sim nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm hlau alloy thiab cov khoom siv vuam tsis zoo.
Porosity (tsis hais nws qhov chaw hauv cheeb tsam) txo qis cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub zog rau qhov tsis txaus ntseeg, ua rau "stratification" ntawm cov hlau, uas yog, ua txhaum ntawm nws cov qauv ntuj. Qhov chaw txawm tias me ntsis porosity yog ob peb zaug ntau dua yuav ua tsis tau raws li kev thauj khoom txawm tias thaum pib ua haujlwm. Pores tshwm sim vim qhov ua txhaum ntawm cov pa roj uas tsuas yog tsis muaj sijhawm los tawm hauv txheej txheej ntawm cov hlau molten.
Zoo txhua yam ntawm qhov tsis xws luagseams, lawv tsis tshua muaj tshwm sim nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm kev siv tsis zoo raw electrodes. Nws feem ntau tshwm sim tias porosity tshwm sim vim qee qhov txawv teb chaws impurities hauv cov roj tiv thaiv. Raws li nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv dhau los, hom kev tsis zoo no kuj tuaj yeem pom ntawm qhov vuam ceev heev, thaum qhov kev ncaj ncees ntawm cov roj tiv thaiv "da dej" yog tritely ua txhaum.
Slag inclusions
Slag suav nrog ua rau lwj qhov sib xws ntawm cov qauv hlau. Qhov laj thawj classic ntawm kev tsim yog tu tsis tu ncua ntawm cov seam nto los ntawm xeb thiab nplai residues. Qhov tshwm sim ntawm lawv qhov tshwm sim zoo li xoom nyob rau hauv qhov xwm txheej ntawm vuam nyob rau hauv ib txheej ntawm cov roj tiv thaiv. Tsis tshua muaj kev suav nrog cov duab sib npaug tsis ua rau muaj kev phom sij, cov khoom lag luam nrog lawv tuaj yeem dhau Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Tswj Xyuas Zoo.
Nco ntsoov tias yog siv cov tungsten electrode thaum vuam, ces cov khoom ntawm cov hlau no tuaj yeem kuaj pom hauv qhov chaw. Cov qib ntawm lawv qhov kev phom sij yog tib yam li hauv rooj plaub dhau los (piv txwv li, cov no yog cov kev tso cai tsis raug hauv welds).
Cracks
Muaj cov hlais thiab ntev, mus ob qho tib si raws cov seam nws tus kheej thiab nrog cov hlau nrog los yog ze ntawm nws. Lawv yog cov txaus ntshai heev nyob rau hauv qee kis lawv txo cov neeg kho tshuab thiab vibrational zog ntawm cov khoom yuav luag xoom. Nyob ntawm cov khoom ntawm cov khoom yuav tsum tau welded, lub tawg tuaj yeem khaws nws qhov chaw qub lossis kis mus rau tag nrho qhov ntev ntawm lub workpiece hauv lub sijhawm luv luv.
Unsurprisingly, cov no yog cov feem ntau txaus ntshai weld defects. GOST feem ntau xav tauKev tsis lees paub tam sim ntawm cov khoom no, tsis hais nws lub hom phiaj (nrog rau qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm cov khoom tsis tseem ceeb).
tsis sib xws
Qhov no yog lub npe ntawm qhov sib txawv tag nrho ntawm cov kab ke ntawm cov pob qij txha thiab cov yam ntxwv xav tau hauv cov ntaub ntawv tswj hwm. Cias muab, yog welding mus "nab", obliquely, thiab lwm yam., peb tab tom tham txog hom defect no.
Feem ntau lawv tshwm sim thaum lub sij hawm ua hauj lwm ntawm inexperienced welders, raws li zoo raws li nrog ib tug tseem ceeb lub zog surges, cov khoom tsis zoo thiab banal haste. Qhov kev tsis zoo no yog qhov txaus ntshai vim nws feem ntau ua ke nrog kev ua noj ua haus, uas yog qhov txaus ntshai dua. Yog tias qhov sib txawv ntawm txoj kab nruab nrab ntawm qhov kev sib txuas yog qhov tsis tseem ceeb thiab tsis ua rau txo qis ntawm lub zog ntawm cov khoom, ib feem yuav raug tso cai rau kev pabcuam.
Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub no, koj yuav tsum nco ntsoov ib qho yooj yim: qhov me dua qhov hloov ntawm lub hauv paus hlau mus rau txheej deposited, lub zog mechanical zog ntawm cov khoom welded ua. Ntawm chav kawm, nyob rau hauv kev tsim ntawm ib co tsev neeg cov qauv (piv txwv li lub tsev xog paj), nyob rau hauv tej yam kev mob ntawm tsis txaus kev nyuaj siab, nws yog ib qho yooj yim unrealistic ua yam tsis muaj seams. Txawm li cas los xij, hauv qhov no, lawv tsis yog qhov txaus ntshai.
Kev daws teeb meem yooj yim, kho qhov tsis xws luag
Cia peb hais cov hauv qab no tam sim no: feem ntau, nws tsis muaj kev nkag siab los tham txog txoj hauv kev los tshem tawm cov kev tsis xws luag hauv welds, txij li thaum nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej ntawm kev tswj hwm nruj dua lossis tsawg dua, txhua yam khoom muaj qee yam tsis zoo. tsuas yog tsis lees paub. Tab sis qee zaus nws yeej ua taukom qhov tsis xws luag tsis loj heev, thiab yog li ntawd nws yuav raug tshem tawm. Yuav ua li cas?
Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub ntawm cov qauv hlau, qhov chaw puas tsuaj raug txiav tawm (plasma-arc vuam), qhov chaw ntawm kev sib txuas tsis ua tiav yog ua tib zoo ntxuav, thiab tom qab ntawd qhov kev sim rov ua dua. Yog hais tias muaj me me tsis xws luag nyob rau hauv lub welds (tsis sib xws ntawm kev twb kev txuas, ntiav pockmarks), ces lawv tsuas yog sanded. Tau kawg, koj yuav tsum tsis txhob nqa mus thiab tshem tawm cov hlau ntau dhau.
ntawv tseem ceeb
Yog tias peb tab tom tham txog cov khoom lag luam hlau uas yuav tsum tau ua kom muaj kev kho cua sov, tom qab ntawd kev kho qhov tsis xws ntawm cov vuam yuav tsum tau ua (!) Tom qab tempering hauv qhov kub ntawm 450 txog 650 ° C.
Kho lwm yam
Txoj hauv kev yooj yim tshaj los kho qhov sagging thiab txhua yam tsis sib xws ntawm cov seam. Hauv qhov no, kev sib tshuam tsuas yog ntxuav (uas peb tau sau tseg lawm). Peb twb tau tham txog kev kho cov undercuts saum toj no, tab sis peb nco ntsoov ntxiv tias nrog cov kev tsis zoo no nws yog qhov pom zoo kom muab pov tseg tam sim ntawd, vim tias nws txoj haujlwm tuaj yeem txaus ntshai!
Yog tias muaj qhov kub hnyiab (uas tsis yog qhov tshwm sim), ces kev tshem tawm qhov tsis xws luag hauv welds yog qhov yooj yim heev: ua ntej, qhov chaw raug ntxuav kom zoo, thiab tom qab ntawd nws rov ua dua. Kwv yees li tib yam yog ua tiav nrog craters.
Cov xwm txheej yooj yim rau "kev kho dua tshiab"
Thaum tshem tawm qhov tsis xws luag, qee yam kev siv tshuab yuav tsum raug soj ntsuam. Ua ntej, koj xav tauua raws li txoj cai yooj yim: qhov ntev ntawm qhov chaw tsis zoo yuav tsum sib haum rau nws qhov dav, ntxiv rau 10-20 hli yuav tsum tau sab laug "tsuas yog nyob rau hauv rooj plaub".
Qhov tseem ceeb! Qhov dav ntawm qhov vuam tom qab nws rov vuam yuav tsum tsis pub tshaj ob zaug nws qhov loj me ua ntej pib ua haujlwm. Tsis txhob tub nkeeg ua ntej kho qhov tsis zoo los npaj qhov chaw zoo. Ua ntej, nws yuav tiv thaiv cov slag los ntawm kev nkag mus rau hauv cov hlau. Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov kev ntsuas yooj yim no yuav pab txhawb kev ua haujlwm thiab txhim kho nws cov txiaj ntsig zoo.
Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev los npaj ib qho qauv rau thaj chaw cog tshiab. Yog tias koj siv lub kaum sab xis grinder ("grinder"), ces nws yog qhov zoo dua los nqa lub disk ntawm txoj kab uas hla tsawg tshaj plaws. Sab ntug ntawm cov qauv yuav tsum tau ua kom raws li qhov ua tau, tsis muaj burrs thiab lwm yam protruding qhov chaw, uas thaum lub sij hawm vuam txheej txheem yuav tig mus rau hauv tib slag.
Yog tias peb tab tom tham txog cov ntsiab lus ntawm txhuas, titanium, thiab cov hlau ntawm cov hlau no, ces qhov teeb meem yuav tsum tau mus txog ntau lub luag haujlwm. Ua ntej, thaum tshem tawm qhov tsis xws luag hauv qhov no, nws raug tso cai siv tsuas yog (!) cov txheej txheem siv tshuab, thaum siv arc vuam tsis tuaj yeem lees txais. Nws yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws los txiav qhov chaw puas, ntxuav thiab rov ua cov seam.
Nco txog kho qhov tsis xws luag
Qhov chaw nrog kho - rov welded pob qij txha yuav tsum rov qab ua OTC txheej txheem. Yog tias qhov tsis xws luag mus rau ib qib lossis lwm qhov, koj tuaj yeem sim tshem tawm nws dua. Tseem ceeb! Tus naj npawb ntawm kev kho yog nyob ntawm qib steel thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov khoom nws tus kheej, tab sis nyob rau hauv ib txwm muaj mobkoj tuaj yeem rov ua haujlwm tsis pub dhau ob lossis peb zaug, txwv tsis pub muaj qhov txo qis hauv lub zog zoo ntawm ntu.
Ntawm no peb tau tham txog yam tseem ceeb ntawm qhov tsis xws luag.
