Yog tias koj saib mus rau yav dhau los tsis ntev los no, koj tuaj yeem pom tias cov kav dej thiab cov kav dej tau siv txhua qhov chaw, vim tsis muaj lwm txoj hauv kev tsim nyog rau lawv. Tam sim no, cov kav dej los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tshiab tau tsim thiab nthuav tawm rau txhua qhov chaw. Yog li ntawd, thaum lub sij hawm kev tsim kho ntawm niaj hnub high-sawv vaj tse, dej yog nkag mus rau cov chav tsev los ntawm cov kav dej yas. Cov khoom no muaj nws qhov zoo, tab sis nyob rau hauv ntau qhov kev hwm nws tseem qis dua rau cov kav dej thiab cov kav dej. Hom yeeb nkab no nyob rau hauv qhov kev xav tau ruaj khov rau niaj hnub no thiab yog li suav nrog ntau yam ntawm cov nroj tsuag metallurgical.
Kev faib tawm thiab cov cai rau cov khoom siv tubular
Cov kev xav tau, cov txheej txheem xeem, cov txheej txheem tsim khoom thiab tshuaj lom neeg muaj pes tsawg leeg yog tsim los ntawm GOST 3262-75. Cov kav dej thiab cov kav dej steel, raws li lub xeev tus qauv no, tau muab faib ua peb pawg. Kev koom nrog ib pab pawg tshwj xeeb yog txiav txim siab los ntawm cov cuab yeej tsim khoom, los ntawm cov qib steel siv thiab lawv cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg, los ntawm cov thev naus laus zis ntawm thermal thiabmachining, raws li txoj kev tiv thaiv corrosion.
Tiv thaiv cov kav dej los ntawm corrosion
Raws li qib kev tiv thaiv corrosion, tag nrho cov khoom siv yeeb nkab tau muab faib ua hom hauv qab no: cov yeeb nkab tsis muaj txheej tiv thaiv corrosion, galvanized dej thiab roj yeeb nkab. Galvanizing tuaj yeem ua tau ob txoj hauv kev: galvanic thiab thermal diffusion. Qhov thib ob txoj kev yuav tsum muaj ntau cov peev txheej thiab lub zog, uas txhais tau hais tias nws nce nqi ntawm cov khoom muag. Tseeb tiag, txhawm rau kom tau txais cov txheej txheem sib txawv ntawm cov tuab txaus, cov kav dej thiab cov pa roj yuav tsum tau khaws cia rau hauv qhov cub kub ntawm qhov kub tsawg kawg ib hnub. Muab cov nqi hluav taws xob tam sim no, kev ua haujlwm zoo li no yuav kim heev. Nws raug nquahu kom siv nws tsuas yog hauv kev tsim cov kav dej thiab roj rau lub luag haujlwm thiab cov chaw tseem ceeb.
Electroplating yog nqa tawm sai heev, tab sis qhov zoo ntawm xws li kev tiv thaiv yog ntau npaum li cas tsawg dua nrog thermal diffusion galvanizing: lub me ntsis careless kov ntawm cov yeeb nkab nrog tej yam khoom nyuaj tuaj yeem tawm ntawm khawb. Los ntawm qhov khawb no, cov hlau (yog tias nws tsis yog alloyed nrog ntau tshaj 13% chromium) pib corrode, ua rau tag nrho saum npoo o.
Nitrogen tuaj yeem siv los ua cov khoom saturating. Lub nitrided nto kuj tiv thaiv corrosion zoo nyob rau hauv ib txwm muaj mob. Txawm li cas los xij, cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis ntawm nitriding yog qhov nyuaj heev thiab kim, uas ua rau kev tsim cov kav dej thiab cov kav dej siv cov thev naus laus zis no tsis muaj txiaj ntsig. Tsuas yog ib qho kev ntxuavqhov chaw los ntawm cov pa phem yuav kim heev. Thiab tsis muaj kev tu kom zoo, cov txheej txheem nitriding yuav tsis ua haujlwm zoo, vim tias cov av yuav tiv thaiv kom tsis txhob muaj cov atoms lossis ions (nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm ion-plasma nitriding nyob rau hauv lub ci tawm) ntawm nitrogen tob rau hauv cov hlau.
Kev faib cov yeeb nkab khoom nyob ntawm phab ntsa thickness
Metallurgical nroj tsuag tsim ntau yam dej thiab roj kav. Yog li, nyob ntawm lub hom phiaj thiab kev ua haujlwm, cov kav dej nrog cov phab ntsa zoo tib yam (2-4 millimeters), cov kav dej sib sib zog nqus (txog 2 millimeters) thiab cov kav dej txuas ntxiv yog tsim. Lub thickness ntawm lub tom kawg yog tsis txwv thiab yuav ua tau heev tseem ceeb. Xws li cov kav dej, raws li txoj cai, yog tsim seamless thiab yog npaj rau drilling qhov dej, kev ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej hnyav ntawm sab qaum teb, thiab lwm yam.
Qhov tsawg kawg nkaus txoj kab uas hla ntawm cov dej thiab roj yeeb nkab yog 6 millimeters. Qhov siab tshaj plaws tus nqi ntawm lub puab txoj kab uas hla yog ib thiab ib nrab meters. Cov kav dej uas muaj txoj kab uas hla siab tshaj plaws yog siv rau hauv kev tso cov roj thiab cov kav dej, thiab nrog qhov tsawg kawg nkaus txoj kab uas hla - hauv kev tsim cov khoom siv hydraulic rau cov tshuab thiab cov tshuab. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws yog ib qho yuam kev los xav tias cov kev cai nruj tsis raug txwv rau cov kav dej me me. Ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, lawv yuav tsum tiv taus qhov siab kawg ntawm lub tog raj kheej hydraulic thiab hydraulic twj tso kua mis.
Technology rau kev tsim cov welded seam kav
Raws li tau hais dhau los, cov kav dej tuaj yeem txuas tau lossis tsis tau.
Nyob hauv kev tsim thawj zaug, ib txwmsteel ntawv. Ntawm cov xovxwm tshwj xeeb, nws khoov rau hauv cov yeeb nkab, thiab ntawm qhov sib txuas ntawm cov npoo, lub tshuab welded siv lub seam ntawm kev ceev ceev. Cov thev naus laus zis tau ua haujlwm rau qhov kev nthuav dav me tshaj plaws, thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov kav dej zoo li no tsuas yog loj heev. Qhov ceev ntawm cov ntawv hlau yog dov, khoov thiab welded yog piv rau qhov ceev ntawm cov mos txwv raug rho tawm haujlwm los ntawm rab yaj phom Makarov. Txawm li cas los xij, cov kav dej zoo li no muaj qhov tsis zoo - thaum muaj kev kub ntxhov, qhov vuam tuaj yeem tawg (tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tias kev sib txawv ntawm cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis), thiab kev sib tsoo yuav tshwm sim. Qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov xwm txheej no tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj rau tib neeg thiab tib neeg. Yog li ntawd, cov kav dej no tsis siv rau kev tsim kho ntawm txoj kev loj thiab tsim cov khoom siv hluav taws xob muaj zog heev.
Tom qab cov txheej txheem vuam tiav, ntu ntawm cov yeeb nkab tsis yog puag ncig. Nws yog ib tug kaw contour ntawm irregular zoo. GOST 3262-75 "Steel dej thiab roj kav" muab rau cov calibration thiab kho cov duab geometric ntawm seem. Txhawm rau kho cov phab ntsa ntawm cov yeeb nkab, nws yog pub rau lub tshuab sizing. Ntawm nws, lub workpiece yog muab kev sib hloov, thiab nws yog nias tawm tsam cov yob nrog kev siv zog ntau. Ntawm qhov hluav taws xob, cov yeeb nkab twb muaj lub voj voog yuav luag zoo tag nrho hauv ntu ntu.
Seamless yeeb nkab tshuab
Nyob tsis ntev los no (ntau xyoo dhau los) kev tsim cov kav dej seamless tau ua tiav. Cov cuab yeej siv tau yooj yim heev, thiab cov cuab yeej siv thiab cov khoom siv tau kim thiab tuaj ntawm txawv teb chaws (pebengineers tseem tsis tau kawm paub yuav ua li cas ua carbide tswv yim rau xuas nrig ntaus qhov). Tab sis txawm tias qhov tseeb tias hom khoom no kim heev, cov kav dej zoo li no nyob rau hauv kev xav tau ruaj khov los ntawm cov tuam txhab roj thiab tsis yog xwb.
Raws li cov ntsiab lus dav dav, cov txheej txheem tsim khoom tuaj yeem piav qhia raws li hauv qab no. Lub bar tam sim ntawd tom qab lub dov zeb nkag rau hauv cheeb tsam rau xuas nrig ntaus qhov. Hauv qhov no, kev ua tau zoo yog qhov tseem ceeb, vim tias lub bar tsis tuaj yeem tso cai rau txias (qhov no yuav ua rau qhov xav tau rov ua dua, thiab yog li ntawd rau cov nqi siab). Qhov kev ua haujlwm no yog ua rau ntawm lub workpiece rhuab mus rau qhov kub siab tshaj qhov kub ntawm recrystallization. Tsuas yog nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej no, cov hlau ua tau zoo (kua dej), thiab cov qauv ntawm cov nplej deformed yog dynamically normalized, uas ua kom cov neeg kho tshuab zoo thiab ua haujlwm zoo.
Qhov zoo ntawm kev siv cov kav dej thiab cov pa roj
GOST tswj hwm txhua tus yam ntxwv thiab tsis muaj cov khoom lag luam tubular yam tsis muaj kev zam. Thiab yog tias peb sib piv qhov kev ua tau zoo ntawm cov kav dej no nrog cov khoom tsim los ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom ntawm cov kav dej PVC thiab lwm cov ntaub ntawv, nws yuav pom tseeb tias cov kav dej hlau yog dhau ntawm kev sib tw.
Yog li, lawv tuaj yeem siv rau qhov kub thiab txias, thaum tswj lawv lub zog. Qhov no yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev nyob rau hauv cov cua kub cua kub qhov chaw siab siab chav nkag los ntawm cov kav dej. Kev siv cov kav dej los ntawm lwm cov ntaub ntawv tsuas yog ua tsis tau. Lawv yuav yaj los yog kua muag nyob rau hauv vib nas this.
Ntxiv alloying ntawm steeltso cai rau kom nce qhov pib ntawm liab brittleness thiab mechanical zog ntawm cov kav dej.
Qhov tsis zoo ntawm cov kav dej thiab cov kav dej
GOST yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb. Thiab thaum kawm cov ntaub ntawv rau cov kav dej, ib tug technically muaj peev xwm yuav tsis xav txog ib tug ntev lub sij hawm txog dab tsi shortcomings cov khoom no muaj. Ua ntej tshaj plaws, nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias tag nrho cov qauv steel (thiab cov kav dej tsis muaj qhov tshwj xeeb) hnyav. Qhov no ua rau nyuaj rau kev teeb tsa ntawm cov khoom lag luam thiab ua rau qee qhov kev xav tau rau kev ntseeg siab ntawm fasteners.
Hlau alloys thiab steels muaj thermal conductivity siab heev. Qhov no txhais tau tias lawv muab cov cua sov. Txhawm rau kom ua tau zoo ntawm cov cua sov, cov kav hlau yuav tsum tau insulated thaum tso rau ntawm txoj kev. Cov tuam txhab lag luam niaj hnub tsim cov kav dej npaj txhij thiab insulated ntawm ntau txoj kab uas hla. Cov khoom lag luam zoo li no yog cov cuab yeej siv siab heev thiab tsis pheej yig, tab sis lawv yuav txuag tau nyiaj thiab siv zog, uas yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv peb lub sijhawm.
Cov kav dej li cas
Raws li GOST 3262, cov kav dej steel thiab cov kav dej tuaj yeem txuas tau los ntawm kev vuam lossis los ntawm cov xov fittings.
Thaum welding, qhov kawg ntawm ob lub kav dej tau koom nrog, thiab ib qho vuam yog ua raws li kev sib koom ua ke. Tag nrho cov hauj lwm yog phau ntawv, uas txhais tau hais tias lawv yuav tsum tau muaj kev txawj ntse los ntawm cov welder (tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum nws los txog rau nteg ib tug roj pipeline). Lub seam yuav tsum tsis sib xws, tsis muaj cov khoom siv hlau. Txhuawelded sib koom yuav tsum tau kuaj los ntawm ultrasound.
Kev txhim kho cov kav dej siv cov khoom siv yog siv tshwj xeeb thaum ua haujlwm nrog cov kav dej me me. Ntawm qhov tod tes, kev ua haujlwm zoo li no yuav tsum muaj kev tsim nyog tsawg dua los ntawm tus neeg ua yeeb yam tshaj li thaum vuam kav. Ntawm qhov tod tes, lawv yuav tau tinker nrog ntau dua. Tsuas yog ib qho kev npaj yuav tsim nyog: koj yuav tsum tau txiav cov threads manually nrog ib tug tuag thiab ib tug kais ntawm txhua lub raj los ntawm ib sab thiab lwm yam.
txheej txheem txuas cov kav dej nrog fittings
Hauv qhov xwm txheej dav dav, kev sib dhos ntawm cov kav dej thiab cov kav dej (GOST 3262) nrog cov xov rau hauv ib qho system yog ua raws li hauv qab no:
- saum npoo ntawm cov xov yog kho nrog sealant, tom qab uas lub xauv xauv yog ntsia rau;
- ib qho haum yog ntsia rau ntawm cov yeeb nkab, thiab cov txiv ntoo raug nias tawm tsam nws nrog lub zog nruj tshaj plaws;
- sealant yog siv rau qhov haum thiab txiv ntoo (ntawm qhov sib txuas).
Wax tuaj yeem siv los hloov cov sealant. Thaum ntub, cov khoom no swells thiab dej nres.
Siv cov kav dej tooj liab
cov kav dej tooj liab tau siv tsis ntev los no. Yav dhau los, GOST tsis tau muab rau qhov muaj peev xwm, thiab cov khoom siv tooj liab tau tsim tshwj xeeb rau lub hom phiaj ntawm instrumentation thiab precision engineering. Tab sis me ntsis tom qab, qhov zoo ntawm kev siv cov kav dej zoo li no tau txais txiaj ntsig, thiab kev hloov pauv tsim nyog tau ua rau GOST ntawm kev pib ntawm ib pawg neeg nyiam.
Yog li, cov kav dej tooj liab yog qhov yooj yim rau khoov,muaj ib txoj kab uas hla me me. Yog li ntawd, lawv yooj yim nkaum hauv rooj vag. Thiab vim lawv qhov yooj yim, koj tuaj yeem siv ib lub raj ntev, khoov rau hauv qhov chaw zoo, tsis txhob txuas ntau qhov ntev, uas yuav tsum tau siv sijhawm ntau thiab ua haujlwm.
Raws li ib txwm muaj, tooj liab tsis raug cuam tshuam rau qhov cuam tshuam ntawm qhov chaw ntub dej thiab dej, uas ua rau nws lub neej ua haujlwm ntev thiab ua rau nws muaj kev sib tw, txawm hais tias tooj liab yog cov hlau tsis muaj hlau thiab kim heev..
Yuav ua li cas thiaj paub cov khoom tsis raug
GOST 3262-75 "Cov kav dej thiab roj" tsim cov qauv uas cov khoom yuav tsum tau muab cais ua qhov tsis zoo. Cov kav dej zoo li no yuav tsum tsis txhob siv rau lawv lub hom phiaj. Lawv yuav tsum raug xa mus rau cov chaw tsim khoom nrog cov txheej txheem tsim nyog (txoj cai). Kev ua txhaum ntawm cov duab geometric, nthuav dav (bloating) ntawm cov yeeb nkab, burrs ntawm qhov kawg (qhov saum npoo yuav tsum tau npaj rau vuam thiab muaj cov chamfers tshwj xeeb), tev tawm ntawm cov txheej tiv thaiv tsis raug tso cai. Tsis tas li ntawd, yuav tsum tsis txhob muaj qhov tawg ntawm sab nrauv thiab sab hauv.
Ntau lub lag luam ua cov tswv yim tswj cov khoom tuaj. Yog hais tias kev txhais tau tias tso cai, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog, raws li GOST 3262 "Cov kav dej thiab cov kav dej", los ua cov ncauj lus kom ntxaws txog cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov hlau uas cov khoom tau tsim, txhawm rau tshaj li qhov tso cai ntawm cov teeb meem. tshuaj (feem ntau yog sulfur thiab phosphorus).
Tab sis txawm tias lub koom haum tsis muaj cov khoom kim heev ntawm nws qhov kev pov tseg, qhov pom kev micro- thiabmacroanalysis nyob rau hauv txhua rooj plaub yuav tsum tau ua. Ua li no, ib qho qauv me me raug txiav los ntawm cov yeeb nkab. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, nws yog ntshaw kom tiv thaiv nws overheating nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav zam kom tsis txhob theem transformation nyob rau hauv cov hlau. Ib qho (zoo dua ob peb - rau qhov kev ntsuam xyuas lub hom phiaj) nto yog raug rau kev sib tsoo thiab tom qab ntawd polishing siv GOI muab tshuaj txhuam (tsim los ntawm Lub Xeev Optical Institute, USSR). Rau lub hom phiaj no, aluminium oxide hmoov yog zoo haum. Tom qab polishing, tus qauv yuav tsum raug rau etching nrog tshwj xeeb tshuaj reagents, raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm cov grain ciam teb thiab theem Cheebtsam tshwm thiab yuav tsum tau soj ntsuam ntawm ib tug metallographic microscope. Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov porosity lossis non-metallic inclusions tuaj yeem kuaj pom. Yog tias cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov pa roj carbon thiab cov khoom tsis zoo tsis ua raws li GOST 3262-75 "Cov kav dej thiab cov pa roj", thiab muaj cov khoom sib xyaw thiab cov pores hauv cov hlau nws tus kheej, cov khoom lag luam zoo li no tau lees paub tias muaj kev puas tsuaj. Ntxiv mus, raws li txoj cai, tsis yog ib los yog ob lub kav dej mus rau hauv kev sib yuav, tab sis tag nrho batch.
