Kua tau dhau los ua ib tug khub ntawm tib neeg lub neej ntev heev. Thawj cov kua nplaum, raws li archaeologists, tau tshwm sim 9.5 txhiab xyoo BC. Nws yog tsim los ntawm ntau yam khoom ntawm tsiaj keeb kwm. Cov pob txha thiab cov leeg, cov nplai ntses thiab cov khoom siv ntuj yog cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm cov nplaum nplaum. Cov ntaub nplaum nplaum tau dhau los ua ntau tshaj plaws, vim nws tau siv los ntawm cov pej xeem txij li cov hluas mus txog rau cov laus.
Cov khoom siv los ntawm cov khoom siv ntuj tsim thiab tsiaj pov tseg tau siv los ntawm peb cov poj koob yawm txwv mus txog xyoo pua 20.
Thaum kev tshawb fawb pib tsim sai, tib neeg txoj kev paub txog qhov zoo thiab cov khoom ntawm cov khoom siv thiab cov khoom nthuav dav, thiab cov khoom siv dag zog tau pib tshwm sim los tsim cov kua nplaum. Thawj tus uas tau txais daim ntawv pov thawj rau cov kua nplaum tsim yog tus kws tshuaj Leo Baekeland. Qhov no tshwm sim xyoo 1901. Thiab nyob rau hauv 1909, raws li nws patents, phenol-formaldehyde adhesives nrog hluav taws xob conductivity pib loj-tsim. Cov ntaub nplaum nplaum tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub lig thirties - thaum ntxov 40sxyoo dhau los.
Tam sim no cov cuab yeej siv high-tech yog siv los tsim cov kua nplaum. Cov txheej txheem yog ua ntau thiab ntau automated. Lub Hoobkas niaj hnub tuaj yeem ua tiav cov txheej txheem, los ntawm kev tsim lub raj mis mus rau lub npe ntawm lub raj mis.
kev lag luam niaj hnub
Kev lag luam tshuaj tsim tawm ntau dua 100 lab pob khoom ntawm cov ntawv nplaum txhua xyoo.
Kev muag khoom rau lub xyoo yog kwv yees li ntawm $ 10 lab. Cov neeg tsim khoom hais tias qhov kev thov rau cov ntawv sau cov nplaum tsis loj hlob, tab sis nyob rau theem ruaj khov. Daim ntawv uas cov khoom txhawb nqa yog hloov. Muaj cov cwj mem tshiab, cov ntawv nplaum thiab cov kab xev uas muaj cov yam ntxwv siab nplaum. Cov khoom zoo tshaj plaws yog tsim los ntawm cov teb chaws xws li: Kaus Lim Qab Teb, Russia, Malaysia thiab Lub Tebchaws Yelemees.
Teem caij kua nplaum
Lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm cov nplaum nplaum yog txuas ob qhov chaw. Tag nrho cov ntawm lawv txawv nyob rau hauv lawv muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab lub hom phiaj. Lawv muaj cov ntxhiab tsw txawv, xim, lawv qhuav thiab tsis qhuav. Cov ntawv nplaum nplaum yog siv rau gluing ntawv ntawm ntau qhov ntom ntom thiab duab los qhia. Nws kuj tseem siv tau rau hauv tsev.
yam ntxwv ntawm cov nplaum nplaum:
- Nyob qhuav.
- Frost resistant.
- pob tshab lossis dawb.
- Yuav ua kua los yog khov.
Cov chaw tsim khoom yuav tsum tau txais daim ntawv pov thawj zoo rau cov ntaub nplaum nplaum. Cov muaj pes tsawg leeg yog kuaj rau toxicity thiab ua raws li ib puag ncig yuav tsum tau.
Nyob sau ntawv nplaum
Ua kua hom kua nplaum tshwm sim: silicate thiab PVA clerical kua nplaum.
Tus yam ntxwv ntawm silicate kua nplaum tso cai rau nws siv tau hauv lub neej txhua hnub. Lub npe thib ob yog kua iav. Nws yog siv nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws kev khwv nyiaj txiag. Nws tsis yooj yim rau kev ua haujlwm nrog ntawv, nws kis tau ntau heev. Nws tau siv tsawg dua nyob rau hauv kaum xyoo tsis ntev los no.
PVA ntawv sau ua kua nplaum nplaum daim ntawv, duab los qhia, daim ntawv duab tsis nyuaj. Tseem muaj kev thov rau nws, nws muaj kuab dua, uas tso cai rau koj los tswj nws qhov kev sib kis thaum thov.
Kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov nplaum nplaum
Silicate cov ntawv nplaum, cov khoom sib xyaw uas txiav txim siab nws lub npe, tam sim no siv ntau dua hauv kev tsim kho. Nws cov khoom tseem ceeb yog silicate, lithium, sodium thiab potassium polysilicates. Nws tshwm sim hauv cov kua dej xwb.
Cov ntaub nplaum nplaum PVA muaj kev txiav txim siab: polyvinyl acetate. Nws yog ib qho aqueous tov ntawm cov tshuaj no nrog ntxiv ntawm ib tug plasticizer thiab hloov additives. Tsis tas li ntawd, muaj cov nplaum nplaum nplaum nplaum. Nws muaj pes tsawg leeg yuav txawv ntawm cov khoom tseem ceeb. Nws tuaj yeem yog polyvinyl acetate (PVA) lossis polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). PVA kua nplaum tuaj yeem yog ntau lub npe uas txiav txim siab nws lub zog:
1. universal;
2. super or extra.
Thawj lub thwj xav tau rau kev siv ntawv sau. Super lossis ntxiv tuaj yeem siv rau hauv rooj tog thiab kev tsim kho.
Pab pob khoom
Cov ntaub nplaum nplaum yog muag hauv ntau hom ntim. Cov kua nplaum yog ntim rau hauv lub raj mis ntawm ntau qhov sib txawv. Mainqhov txawv yog lub raj thiab lub hau.
Super - lub hau yog nqaim, elongated, ntsia hlau hau. Cov kua nplaum yog siv rau saum npoo siv lub hau no.
Cap - txhuam yog siv ntau zaus hauv lub raj mis nrog silicate kua nplaum.
Nws yooj yim siv rau cov kua nplaum sib xws.
Cap - duck zoo li lub kaus mom super, tsuas yog loj dua, muaj qhov qhib dav dua.
Glue - ntawv xaum tam sim no yog qhov kev xaiv tshaj plaws. Nws yog qhov yooj yim tshaj plaws los siv. Yooj yim rau kev thov, tsis khiav, kev lag luam, muaj cov khoom nplaum zoo heev.
Spray Adhesive yog ib yam tshiab ntawm cov ntawv sau cov nplaum uas tseem pab tau cov ntoo, ua npuas ncauj thiab hlau.
Siv cov ntaub nplaum nplaum hauv lub neej txhua hnub
Tib neeg tau pom ntau txoj hauv kev los siv cov nplaum nplaum. Cov yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb tso cai rau nws siv dav hauv lub neej txhua hnub. Cia peb xav ntxiv seb koj tseem tuaj yeem siv cov kua nplaum silicate lossis PVA kua nplaum.
Silicate kua nplaum los yog kua iav yog cov khoom siv hauv kev tsim kho. Lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm kev siv yog waterproofing.
Kev xaiv rau kev siv cov kua nplaum silicate.
- Ntxiv rau facade xim. Ua kom durability.
- Kev kho cov phab ntsa thiab cov plag tsev hauv chav dej rau kev sib khi.
- Used rau waterproofing foundations.
- Ntxiv rau cov cement thiab pob zeb, tau txais cov tshuaj tshiab ntawm kev daws.
- Us los ua ib qho tshwj xeeb uas siv los ua cov kav dej.
- Impregnated fabrics yuav dhau los ua cov khoom tiv thaiv ruaj khov.
- Tus neeg saib xyuas kho tsob ntoo thiab tsob ntoo txiav kom tiv thaiv kab mob phem.
- Lawv npog qhov chaw uas yuav tsum tau tiv thaiv los ntawm UV hluav taws xob.
- Siv rau ntxuav tais diav thiab lauj kaub.
Daim ntawv qhia rau tshem tawm cov pa roj carbon deposits ntawm lauj kaub siv silicate kua nplaum.
Peb pog thiab yawg tau siv txoj kev no. Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum nqa lub tais hlau lossis lub lauj kaub loj. Ncuav ib lub raj ntawm silicate kua nplaum rau hauv nws. Muab tag nrho cov lauj kaub thiab hau rau hauv. Muab lub thawv no tso rau ntawm hluav taws thiab boil. Miraculously, tag nrho cov hmoov av los ntawm cov tais diav. Tom qab ntawd yaug tag nrho cov tais diav kom huv si hauv dej ntws. Muaj ib daim ntawv qhia zoo sib xws nrog kev sib ntxiv ntawm xab npum ntxhua khaub ncaws thiab soda tshauv.
PVA kua nplaum kuj paub zoo rau cov neeg tsim thiab cov rooj tog zaum.
Kev xaiv rau kev siv cov kua nplaum PVA.
- Siv hauv rooj tog sib dhos.
- Tau ntaub pua plag rau hauv pem teb zoo.
- Txhim khu kev qha thaum txuas linoleum.
- Used rau gluing vuas.
- Piv rau wallpapering.
- Ntxiv rau primer thiab putty, dej-raws li xim.
PVA kua nplaum tau txais koob meej vim nws tsis muaj tshuaj lom, kev nyab xeeb hluav taws, muaj zog nplaum thiab yooj yim siv. Lawv ua taukua nplaum ntawv, tawv, iav, ntaub, yas, hlau.
