Kho 2024, Kaum ib hlis

Yuav ua li cas kho PVC panels rau phab ntsa kom raug

Yuav ua li cas thiaj ua kom cov phab ntsa ntawm koj lub tsev? Cov lus nug no feem ntau tshwm sim thaum lub sij hawm los txog rau kev kho dua tshiab tom ntej los yog thaum yuav ib chav tsev tshiab. Muaj ntau ntau cov lus teb nyob rau hauv kuv lub taub hau: pleev xim nrog cov xim los yog wallpaper, overlay nrog cov vuas luaj los yog siv cov hniav plaster

Plastic fillet: lub hom phiaj, qhov zoo thiab qhov tsis zoo, qhov dav

Plastic fillet yog cov khoom siv thiab cov khoom zoo nkauj uas ua haujlwm los nkaum qhov sib koom ntawm phab ntsa thiab chav dej. Nws ntseeg tau tiv thaiv chav los ntawm noo noo nyob rau hauv pem teb. Kev teeb tsa ntawm lub rooj tsavxwm yog nqa tawm tom qab ua tiav ntawm kev kho thiab kho kom zoo nkauj ntawm chav dej. Lub fillet tsis nqus dej noo, muaj kev nthuav dav tsim. Nws yog siv rau sealing qhov qhib qhib, nrog rau lub qab nthab plinth

Yuav ua li cas khoov plywood hauv tsev: cov lus qhia ua ntu zus

Txhua tus kws tsim khoom yuav tsum paub yuav ua li cas khoov plywood yog tias nws yuav tsum ua sheathing ntawm cov qauv nkhaus thiab cov khoom zoo nkauj nrog nws. Nws yuav tsum tau kawm cov kev cai yooj yim kom cov khoom tsis tawg thaum khoov

Yuav ua li cas xaiv lub rhaub rau cov kav dej? Txheej txheem cej luam ntawm manufacturers thiab installation cov lus qhia

Rwb thaiv tsev rau cov kav dej yog cov khoom siv zoo, tsis muaj qhov tsis muaj dej yuav ua haujlwm ruaj khov nyob rau hauv kev nyab xeeb ntawm Russia

Glowing phosphor xim

Glowing paints raws li phosphor (cov khoom siv teeb pom kev zoo) yog cov khoom tsim tshiab uas tso cai rau koj los ua haujlwm yooj yim. Nrog lawv cov kev pab, koj tuaj yeem ua cov khoom zoo nkauj txawv txawv, muab lawv tus kheej thiab originality

Restoring plaster - zoo tiv thaiv chav ntawm noo noo

Restoring plaster yog ib qho khoom siv tsis tau tiav thaum kho cov tsev qub. Nws yog siv ob qho tib si sab hauv tsev thiab sab nraum zoov. Vim yog cov khoom zoo ntawm cov plaster no, cov dej noo ntau dhau, thiab tom qab pwm, cov qauv yuav tsis txaus ntshai

Phab ntsa plaster thickness: siab tshaj plaws thiab yam tsawg kawg nkaus txheej. Plaster noj

Tib neeg txhua lub sijhawm mob siab rau qhov zoo li thiab kev ncaj ncees ntawm lawv lub tsev. Txog rau hnub tim, ib qho ntawm qhov yooj yim tshaj plaws thiab pheej yig tshaj plaws, tab sis tib lub sij hawm txhim khu kev qha txoj kev ntawm phab ntsa cladding yog precisely plaster. Cov ntaub ntawv tiav tshiab, ua los ntawm kev siv cov thev naus laus zis siab, ua qee yam kev hloov pauv ntawm txoj kev txheej txheej txheej. Lub thickness ntawm plaster yog ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws uas cuam tshuam rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub tsev

Xim rau hlau: ntau yam, chaw tsim tshuaj xyuas

Nyob rau xyoo pua 21st, kev siv hlau dav dav tau hloov pauv cov ntaub ntawv polymer thiab cov khoom sib xyaw zoo heev. Tab sis, txawm nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, qhov teeb meem ntawm xeb tsis yog ib yam ntawm yav dhau los. Cov xim rau hlau ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev tiv thaiv corrosion. Cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg yog xaiv nyob rau hauv xws li ib txoj kev uas lawv tsim ib tug ruaj khov zaj duab xis rau saum npoo

Anti-corrosion xim rau hlau - txhim khu kev qha tiv thaiv xeb

Cov xim pleev xim rau cov hlau kuj tseem xav tau yog tias koj xav tiv thaiv cov qauv tsim los ntawm cov khoom tsim nyog thiab ua rau lawv lub neej ntev. Xeb yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov txheej txheem oxidative uas tshwm sim ntawm qhov chaw ntawm cov khoom

Pleev plinth - qhov kawg kov hauv kev kho

Thaum kawg ntawm kev kho cov haujlwm, txhawm rau muab cov hauv pem teb kom zoo nkauj, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog rau nruab ib lub plinth hauv pem teb. Qhov twg xaiv - ntoo lossis yas, yuav ua li cas rau nws? Kab lus no yuav qhia koj txhua yam

Kua nplaum "Kelid" rau ntau hom wallpaper: tshuaj xyuas

Cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom lag luam muaj npe. Glue rau daim ntawv wallpaper. Qhov zoo ntawm Kelid kua nplaum. Assortment ntawm cov khoom. Cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov khoom siv nplaum nplaum. Non-woven nplaum "Kelid" rau cov chav nrog high humidity. Wallpaper kua nplaum "Kelid". Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm Quelyd kua nplaum. Quelyd tshuaj xyuas cov khoom

Technology rau kev txhim kho phab ntsa ntub dej ntawm lub qab nthab

Hnub no, plasterboard yog siv ntau zaus thaum ua tiav ceilings. Cov khoom no tso cai rau koj los tsim ob qho tib si yooj yim thiab complex tsim, ua ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm sab hauv. Nws yog qhov ua tau kom ua tiav cov haujlwm nrog koj tus kheej tes, tsis muaj kev koom nrog cov kws tshaj lij hauv cov txheej txheem no. Ua li no, koj yuav tsum xav txog cov lus qhia ntxaws thiab tag nrho cov subtleties ntawm kev txhim kho phab ntsa ntub dej ntawm lub qab nthab. Qhov no yuav tau tham hauv tsab xov xwm

Technologies rau kev txhim kho lub qhov rooj sab hauv thiab cov lus qhia ua ntu zus

Ib qho teeb meem tseem ceeb thaum lub sijhawm kho yog kev teeb tsa lub qhov rooj. Ntau tus ntseeg txoj haujlwm no rau cov kws tshaj lij. Feem ntau, cov tuam txhab muag qhov rooj xa lawv cov kws ua haujlwm rau nruab. Qee tus them tus nqi ntxiv rau qhov kev pabcuam, lwm tus muab nyiaj ntxiv rau kev teeb tsa dawb. Cov neeg feem ntau nyiam siv tshuab ntawm kev txhim kho cov qhov rooj sab hauv. Koj yuav tsum paub txog tag nrho cov nuances ntawm cov txheej txheem, npaj cov khoom tsim nyog rau kev ua haujlwm

Dimensions ntawm sab hauv arches. Hom thiab cov qauv ntawm sab hauv arches

Txhawm rau tsim kom muaj lub ntsej muag zoo nkauj, koj tuaj yeem siv ntau yam kev daws teeb meem, ib qho ntawm cov qauv tsim ntawm lub qhov rooj arched. Ntau hom arches sab hauv tso cai rau koj los ua ib lub tswv yim stylistic, muab chav rau qhov zoo nkauj thiab qhov tseeb. Kev xaiv ntawm cov duab ntawm lub koov yog ua los ntawm kev coj mus rau hauv tus account cov yam ntxwv ntawm chav tsev, nws qhov ntev, sab hauv thiab lwm yam nuances

Yuav ua li cas kaw lub roj teeb nrog drywall nrog koj tus kheej txhais tes?

Yuav ua li cas kaw lub roj teeb nrog phab ntsa ntub dej nrog koj tus kheej tes: cov lus pom zoo thiab cov phiaj xwm ua haujlwm ib ntus. Qhov zoo thiab qhov tsis zoo ntawm cov qauv tsim, cov ntaub ntawv tsim nyog thiab cov cuab yeej siv rau kev teeb tsa

DIY primer: daim ntawv qhia, daim ntawv thov nta, tshuaj xyuas

Cov tuam txhab niaj hnub ntawm cov khoom siv hauv tsev muaj ntau txoj hauv kev rau kev npaj ua primers rau phab ntsa. Txawm li cas los xij, raws li kev xyaum qhia, koj tuaj yeem npaj cov khoom xyaw no koj tus kheej hauv tsev. Cia peb xav txog qhov tseem ceeb, txoj hauv kev zoo tshaj plaws los tsim cov khoom siv npog phab ntsa thiab lwm qhov chaw

Cov chav sib txawv muaj cov laminate flooring sib txawv: cov tswv yim tsim, kev xaiv nrog cov duab

Kev xaiv cov khoom siv los ua kom tiav chav tsev yog kab tias yog ib qho nyuaj tshaj plaws thaum kho. Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog los xaiv cov ntsiab lus décor kom lawv sib haum rau qhov kev ntshaw, muaj peev xwm thiab sab hauv. Cia peb sim nrog laminate, uas yuav tsum sib haum xeeb haum rau sab hauv, hais txog txhua qhov zoo ntawm txhua chav tsev ntawm chav tsev. Qhov txawv laminate zoo li cas hauv cov chav sib txawv tuaj yeem pom hauv daim duab

Hloov lub thawv crane hauv lub tov khoom. Ob hom crane thawv

Nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm no, koj yuav kawm yuav ua li cas kho lub faucet sai sai nrog koj tus kheej txhais tes. Lub thawv crane yog dab tsi? Yuav ua li cas sai hloov lub faulty crane box? Hom crane thawv muaj dab tsi thiab lawv txawv li cas?

Yuav ua li cas ntxuav grout los ntawm cov vuas: cov khoom siv tu thiab kev tu tsev

Seams tom qab tso cov vuas feem ntau raug kaw nrog cov khoom tshwj xeeb hu ua grout. Qhov no yog qhov tsim nyog los tiv thaiv kev puas tsuaj thiab kev ua qias tuaj, nrog rau kev kho kom zoo nkauj. Txawm li cas los xij, thaum sau qhov chaw nruab nrab ntawm cov vuas, cov grout tuaj yeem tawm streaks ntawm qhov chaw. Tom qab ziab, lawv yuav tsum tau txhuam. Yuav ua li cas ntxuav grout los ntawm cov vuas? Muaj ntau ntau txoj hauv kev uas yuav tsum tau siv cov txuj ci improvised

Yuav ua li cas xaiv cov kua nplaum zoo rau GWP?

Kev yuav cov kua nplaum rau GWP yog ib kauj ruam tseem ceeb hauv kev npaj rau kev teeb tsa. Nyob ntawm cov dej num, cov kua nplaum yuav los yog tsis haum. Nws tag nrho nyob ntawm seb hom qauv yuav siv li cas

Yuav ua li cas rau ennoble lub qhov rooj: cov tswv yim nthuav, cov txheej txheem tiav thiab cov lus piav qhia nrog daim duab

Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm sab hauv lossis nkag qhov rooj yog faib qhov chaw thiab ua kom nws cais tawm ntawm lwm chav lossis thaj chaw. Hom kev thaiv no tiv thaiv kev nkag mus ntawm lub suab, tsw, tso cai rau koj so haujlwm. Txawm li cas los xij, tsis ntev los no tau muaj qhov xav tau nce qhov chaw los ntawm kev tshem tawm sab hauv partitions. Feem ntau nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej zoo li no, cov tib neeg tau ntsib nrog cov lus nug ntawm yuav ua li cas rau ennoble lub qhov rooj kom nws sib haum xeeb haum rau sab hauv ntawm chav tsev

Yuav ua li cas rau kua nplaum iav wallpaper? Kev npaj, cov ntaub ntawv tsim nyog thiab kev ua haujlwm ib ntus

Iav ntaub wallpaper yog qhov zoo nkauj thiab siv tau zoo rau kev kho kom zoo nkauj sab hauv ntawm chav tsev. Nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm cov khoom tsim, lawv tsis yog qis dua rau cov ntawv txheej, tab sis tib lub sij hawm lawv yooj yim los ntxuav thiab tiv taus txhua yam kev ntxhov siab. Tab sis dab tsi yog txoj hauv kev zoo rau cov kua nplaum cullet los xyuas kom meej tag nrho cov txiaj ntsig kev ua tau zoo tom qab ua tiav?

Kev xaim hauv pem teb: ua-nws-koj tus kheej installation, qhov zoo thiab qhov tsis zoo

Txoj hlua rau hauv pem teb tsis yog feem ntau mounted, feem ntau cov xov hlau raug ntsia rau hauv cov phab ntsa, tab sis qee zaus hauv pem teb kev teeb tsa ntawm cov hluav taws xob cable yog qhov tseem ceeb. Hom kev ua haujlwm no yog qhov txawv ntawm nws qhov kev ua tau zoo, yooj yim thiab kev lag luam, yog li tam sim no lub gasket no tau nrov dua txhua xyoo

False qab nthab ncej thiab installation

Ncua qab nthab hnub no yog mounted nyob rau hauv feem ntau ntawm cov ntaub ntawv hauv pem teb. Nws yog cov tswv yim, tso cai rau koj mus nkaum ntau yam kev sib txuas lus. Lub overlapping nto tsis xav tau tshwj xeeb xov nrog plaster, thiab yog li ntawd, ib tug zoo kawg nkaus tiaj tus nto tseem yuav tau txais. Txhawm rau txhim kho cov qauv zoo li no, koj yuav tsum tau sib sau cov thav duab rau lub qab nthab cuav kom raug. Cov lus qhia yuav tau tham tom qab

Cov ntaub ntawv niaj hnub rau kev kho kom zoo nkauj phab ntsa hauv chav tsev: kev xaiv tsim, xaiv cov ntaub ntawv, npe thiab cov lus piav qhia nrog cov duab

Thaum xaiv cov khoom siv kho kom zoo nkauj sab hauv ntawm chav tsev, tib neeg feem ntau tsis meej pem. Hauv kev tsim kho kev lag luam, cov khoom lag luam loj hlob txhua xyoo. Cov ntaub ntawv niaj hnub rau kev kho kom zoo nkauj phab ntsa hauv chav tsev muaj xws li xim, wallpaper, nrog rau plaster thiab vuas. Thaum xaiv ib txheej, nws yog ib qhov tsim nyog yuav tau coj mus rau hauv tus account lub style ntawm chav tsev, nrog rau cov lus qhia ntawm niaj hnub designers

Yuav kho cov qhov muag tsis pom kev ntawm koj tus kheej li cas

Lub neej ua haujlwm nruab nrab ntawm cov qhov muag tsis pom kev yog 5-7 xyoo. Nrog ceev faj tus cwj pwm rau lawv, lub sijhawm no tuaj yeem nce mus txog 10 xyoo. Txawm li cas los xij, qee zaum thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm, kev sib tsoo tsis tuaj yeem zam tau vim yog cov qauv tsim ntawm lub tshuab. Tab sis yog tias koj xav tau, koj tuaj yeem kho cov menyuam blinds nrog koj tus kheej txhais tes, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tias koj paub cov teeb meem feem ntau

Tsis kub hauv pem teb sov: ua rau, ua haujlwm tsis zoo, txoj hauv kev los daws qhov teeb meem

Nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm peb yuav xav txog qhov ua tsis zoo uas tshwm sim feem ntau. Koj tuaj yeem kho qhov cua sov ntawm koj tus kheej. Qhov tseem ceeb yog ua tib zoo nyeem cov txheej txheem kho uas tau piav qhia. Yog tias nrhiav tsis tau qhov laj thawj, koj yuav tsum hu rau cov kws kho mob tshwj xeeb, vim lawv muaj cov txuj ci thiab cov cuab yeej tsim nyog los daws cov teeb meem sib tham

Kev sib txuas ntawm cov kav dej polypropylene nrog cov kav hlau: txoj kev, cov cuab yeej, khoom siv, cov lus pom zoo

Tom tau yuav ib chav tsev nyob hauv ib lub tsev qub thiab txiav txim siab los kho qhov loj nyob rau ntawd, tus tswv yuav ntsib teeb meem ntawm kev txuas cov kav dej polypropylene nrog hlau sib txuas ntawm lub tsev siab. Tab sis tau npaj cov cuab yeej thiab cov khoom sib txuas tsim nyog, koj tuaj yeem ua txhua yam koj tus kheej

Pros and cons of water rated floors: xaiv cov ntaub ntawv thiab cov hauv paus ntsiab lus installation

Dej rhuab hauv pem teb muaj ntau qhov zoo vim nws yooj yim tsim, cov cua sov tsis sib xws ntawm chav. Hom cua sov no tiv thaiv cov cua ntsawj ntshab thiab yooj yim siv. Tab sis txawm tias muaj ntau qhov zoo, nws kuj muaj qhov tsis zoo. Ua ntej txiav txim siab yuav thiab nruab, koj yuav tsum tau them sai sai rau qhov zoo thiab qhov tsis zoo ntawm cov cua sov hauv qab

Tsis siv neeg rov ntxiv ntawm cov cua sov: lub tswv yim, lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev ua haujlwm, khoom siv thiab kev sib txuas nuances

Tom qab tso cov cuab yeej ua kom tsis siv neeg, cov cua sov hauv lub tsev ntiag tug ua haujlwm zoo thiab ua haujlwm zoo. Cov chav nyob ntawm hom no ntxiv ib qho nyiaj ntawm cov dej rau cov cua sov network Circuit Court thaum lub siab hauv Circuit Court poob

Ua-nws-koj tus kheej kho kom zoo nkauj phab ntsa: cov khoom tsim nyog, txheej txheem, tswv yim

Cov kab lus piav qhia ntxaws txog cov lus nug ntawm yuav ua li cas zoo tshaj plaws los ua kom zoo nkauj nrog koj tus kheej tes. Txhawm rau ua tiav cov haujlwm no hauv kev tsim kho niaj hnub, muaj ntau cov ntaub ntawv tiav, txhua tus muaj nws tus kheej zoo thiab kev siv tshuab tshwj xeeb. Thaum xaiv txoj kev xaiv rau phab ntsa cladding, koj yuav tsum tsom ntsoov rau tus kheej nyiam thiab kev ntshaw

Yuav ua li cas ua plasterboard suspended ceilings: cov tswv yim nthuav, cov lus qhia ua ntu zus, cov cuab yeej tsim nyog thiab cov ntaub ntawv

Plasterboard qab nthab yog nyob rau ntawm qhov chaw siab tshaj niaj hnub no. Qhov no yog vim qhov loj ntawm qhov zoo ntawm cov khoom uas tau nthuav tawm. Nws hloov tawm los tsim ntau yam kev xaiv rau kev ua tiav lub qab nthab, tsim kom muaj qhov zoo nkauj sab hauv. Ib qho ntawm cov txheej txheem nrov yog kev tsim cov txheej txheem tshem tawm. Txawm tias ib tug novice master yam tsis muaj kev paub yuav ua tiav nrog txoj haujlwm no. Yuav ua li cas yuav ua rau lub qab nthab cuav ntawm plasterboard yuav tham nyob rau hauv kom meej nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm

Polymer cement pem teb: nta, qhov zoo, qhov tsis zoo thiab ua-nws-koj tus kheej ntaus ntawv

Polymer cement flooring yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws, kev xaiv nyab xeeb rau ob qho tib si hauv tsev thiab hauv tsev. Vim nws lub zog siab, nws yog qhov xav tau zoo heev. Raws li tus nqi, qhov no yog qhov kev xaiv ywj pheej heev. Qhov zoo ntawm hauv pem teb nyob ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom ntawm cov khoom sib tov, yog li nws yog ib txwm zoo dua los xaiv cov chaw tsim khoom pov thawj. Thaum lub sij hawm installation, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum tau ua raws li cov cai tsim. Qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev ua haujlwm yog ib qho zoo nkauj zoo hauv pem teb uas tuaj yeem pleev xim rau hauv cov xim sib txawv thiab ntxoov ntxoo

Cua sov nrog lub ntuj ncig: khoom siv, lub hauv paus ntawm kev ua haujlwm, kev teeb tsa nta

Txawm hais tias qhov tseeb tias cov cua sov cua sov (CV) twb tau txiav txim siab siv thev naus laus zis, nws tseem cuam tshuam. Tab sis muaj cov circuits uas suav nrog lub twj tso kua mis, uas thaum kawg ua rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm tag nrho cov kab ke. Txawm li cas los xij, hauv qhov no, hluav taws xob xav tau, thiab nws raug nqi nyiaj. Lub cua sov Circuit Court nrog EC yog tsis-volatile, uas yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom zoo dua nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo rau lwm yam analogues

Ntuj pob zeb pem teb: xaiv cov ntaub ntawv, masonry nta, duab

Pob zeb yog cov khoom siv ntuj tsim tshwj xeeb nrog kev zoo nkauj thiab ua haujlwm ntev, dav siv hauv kev tsim kho thiab ua tiav. Lub ntuj pob zeb hauv pem teb zoo li stylish thiab hwm, hais txog kev ua kom zoo nkauj thiab kev ruaj ntseg nyiaj txiag ntawm tus tswv tsev. Nws yog tsim nyog nyob rau hauv tej sab hauv - seb nws yog ib tug palace chaw los yog laconic minimalism

Daim duab hluav taws xob ntawm chav tsev. Project thiab installation ntawm hluav taws xob thaiv nyob rau hauv lub tsev apartment

Kev ua haujlwm nrog hluav taws xob hauv koj lub tsev yog ib txoj haujlwm nyuaj uas yuav tsum muaj kev paub ntau thiab kev lav phib xaub los ntawm ib tus neeg. Kev nkag mus rau hluav taws xob rau hauv ib chav tsev yog ib txwm suav tias yog txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb thaum nyob hauv ib lub tsev uas tseem tsis tau tiav. Tsis yog tsuas yog kev noj qab haus huv thiab kev nyab xeeb ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv, tab sis kuj yog qhov zoo ntawm kev muab vaj tsev nrog hluav taws xob nyob ntawm qhov ua tau zoo ntawm kev ua haujlwm hnyav thiab ua haujlwm ntev

Txiav ntoo pem teb hauv tsev: khoom siv thiab rwb thaiv tsev

Ntau tus tswv xav ua cov ntoo hauv tsev. Qhov no yog ib hom kev ua tiav heev, vim nws muaj ntau yam zoo

Cov kua roj vanish pem teb - ntoo tiv thaiv

Cov kab lus piav qhia txog cov hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev siv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv rau hauv pem teb ntoo, piav qhia txog cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov kua roj vanish thiab lawv cov yam ntxwv. Nws kuj tseem muab cov lus qhia rau kev saib xyuas cov ntoo saum npoo nrog txheej txheej ntawm cov kua roj vanish rau hauv pem teb

Polyurethane enamels: yam ntxwv thiab daim ntawv thov

Tej zaum, hom kev kho yooj yim tshaj plaws tuaj yeem suav hais tias yog xim ntawm txhua qhov chaw, vim tias txawm tias ib tus neeg uas tsis muaj kev paub txog kev ua haujlwm zoo li no, tsis hais cov kws tshaj lij, tuaj yeem ua haujlwm. Txawm li cas los, xws manipulations yuav tsum tau soj ntsuam ntau nuances. Qhov no suav nrog kev xaiv xim

Cov kua roj vanish polyurethane ob lub ntsiab lus dej-raws li siv rau sab nraum zoov

Polyurethane ntoo varnish yog suav tias yog txheej txheej zoo tagnrho rau cov rooj tog zaum, hauv pem teb thiab lwm yam khoom tsim los ntawm cov khoom siv no. Txawm li cas los xij, koj yuav tsum xaiv nws kom raug thiab siv tau